This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below. This plant
may be known by one or more common names in different
places, and some are listed above. Click on an acronym
to view each weed list, or click here for a
composite list of Weeds of the U.S.
Haragan, P.D.
1991.
Weeds of Kentucky and adjacent states: a field guide.
The University Press of Kentucky.
Lexington, Kentucky.
Wetland Indicator Status:
NOTE: On June 1, 2012, the 2012 National Wetland Plant List superseded the information below (see Federal Register, May 9, 2012, 77(90): 27210-27214[https://federalregister.gov/a/2012-11176]). For updated wetland information about this species, see the latest wetland list.
Everitt, J.H., D.L. Drawe, and R.I. Lonard. 1999. Field guide to the broad leaved herbaceous plants of South Texas used by livestock and wildlife. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock.
Martin, A.C., H.S. Zim, and A.L. Nelson. 1951. American wildlife and plants: A guide to wildlife food habits. Dover Publications, New York.
Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.
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